Tumor necrosis factor α– and interleukin‐1β–dependent induction of CCL3 expression by nucleus pulposus cells promotes macrophage migration through CCR1

Abstract

Our findings indicate that TNFα and IL-1β modulate the expression of CCL3 in NP cells by controlling the activation of MAPK, NF-κB, and C/EBPβ signaling. The CCL3-CCR1 axis may play an important role in promoting macrophage infiltration in degenerated, herniated discs.