Psychology of Women Quarterly · 2014 · 101 citations · 86 references
Social PsychologyQueer TheorySocial SciencesSexual CommunicationSexual CulturesGender IdentityAvatar FeaturesGender StudiesRape Myth AcceptanceWomen ’Media PsychologyBehavioral SciencesAvatars LeadSexual Well-beingSexual BehaviorRape MythsFeminist TheoryCultureSexuality StudiesSexual AbuseSexual IdentityObjectification TheoryBody ImageArtsSexual OrientationHuman Sexuality
Research has indicated that many video games and virtual worlds are populated by unrealistic, hypersexualized representations of women, but the effects of using these representations remain understudied. Objectification theory suggests that women’s exposure to sexualized media representations leads to self-objectification. Further, we anticipated this process would lead to increases in rape myth acceptance (RMA). Two experiments (Study 1, N = 87; Study 2, N = 81) examined the effects of avatar features on women’s experiences of self-objectification. In both studies, college women exposed to sexualized avatars experienced higher levels of self-objectification after the virtual experience than those exposed to nonsexualized avatars. Furthermore, in Study 2, self-objectification mediated the relationship between controlling a sexualized avatar and subsequent levels of RMA. We discuss the implications of women using sexualized avatars in video games and virtual environments, which may lead to negative attitudes about the self and other women off-line due to heightened self-objectification. Additional online materials for this article are available to PWQ subscribers on PWQ's website at http://pwq.sagepub.com/supplemental .
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W. David Pierce, Albert Bandura · The Canadian Journal of Sociology · 1977 · 9.7K citations · Full text
Against Our Will. Men, Women and Rape
J. B. Elshtain · Telos · 1976 · 2.8K citations
Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape
Daniel F. Hobbs, Susan Brownmiller · The Family Coordinator · 1978 · 2.7K citations
Law, Criminal Law, Queer Theory +19