Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Small States in the EU–SADC EPA Negotiations

TLDR

Small states in the EU–SADC EPA negotiations face power asymmetries and are caught between the EU and South Africa, limiting their bargaining power. The article investigates how small state trade diplomacy shapes the EU–SADC EPA negotiations and explains the resulting divisive outcome by analysing the negotiation behaviour of the main parties, especially weaker players. The authors analyse the negotiation behaviour of the main parties, focusing on weaker players, to explain the divisive outcome. The EPA process split SADC into four separate trade regimes with the EU, undermining regional integration, and the article offers key lessons for small states' future trade negotiations.

Abstract

Abstract This article explores the role and effectiveness of small state trade diplomacy in the negotiations to conclude Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the European Union (EU) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group of countries, focusing specifically on the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Given the vast power asymmetries between the EU and the ACP, small states have had limited bargaining power to shape the process and the outcome of the negotiations. Unlike most other ACP EPA negotiations, the SADC small states were also caught between a rock (EU) and a hard place (South Africa), with both parties competing to promote their visions for regional integration. In the end, the EPA process split SADC into four sets of separate trade regimes with the EU, undermining the established regional integration project. The article explains this divisive outcome of the SADC EPA process by analysing the negotiation behaviour of the main parties, specifically the ‘weaker’ players. The article concludes with key lessons for small states' future trade negotiations.