Salmeterol, a new long acting inhaled beta 2 adrenoceptor agonist: comparison with salbutamol in adult asthmatic patients.

Abstract

<h3>Summary</h3> Primate germ cell development remains largely unexplored due to limitations in sample collection and the long duration of development. In mice, primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can develop into functional gametes by <i>in vitro</i> culture or <i>in vivo</i> transplantation. Such PGCLC-mediated induction of mature gametes in primates is highly useful for understanding human germ cell development. Since marmosets generate functional sperm earlier than other species, recapitulating the whole male germ cell development process is technically more feasible. Here, we induced the differentiation of iPSCs into gonocyte-like cells via PGCLCs in marmosets. First, we developed an mRNA transfection-based method to efficiently generate PGCLC. Subsequently, to promote PGCLC differentiation, xenoreconstituted testes (xrtestes) were generated in the mouse kidney capsule. PGCLCs show progressive DNA demethylation and stepwise expression of developmental marker genes. This study provides an efficient platform for the study of marmoset germ cell development. <h3>Highlights</h3> An mRNA transfection-based PGCLC induction method is developed Marmoset PGCLCs are efficiently induced from iPSCs Marmoset PGCLCs differentiate into gonocyte-like cells in mouse kidneys Developmentally regulated expression and demethylation are recapitulated <h3>eTOC blurb</h3> Watanabe et al. efficiently induced marmoset primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) using an mRNA transfection-based approach. PGCLCs further develop into gonocyte-like cells in the xenoreconstituted testes constructed under mouse kidney capsules. This system faithfully reproduced <i>in vivo</i> developmental processes (e.g., stage-specific expression of developmentally regulated genes and DNA demethylation).