IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · 2014 · 807 citations · 31 references
ComputingComputer ScienceInformation TechnologyComputer VisionDigital ForensicsImage InterpretationComputer ForensicsForgery DetectionImage SegmentationMultimedia ForensicsPattern RecognitionCopy-move Forgery DetectionExpectation-maximizationExpectation-maximization AlgorithmImage Forgery DetectionKeypoint-based MatchingMatching
In this paper, we propose a scheme to detect the copy-move forgery in an image, mainly by extracting the keypoints for comparison. The main difference to the traditional methods is that the proposed scheme first segments the test image into semantically independent patches prior to keypoint extraction. As a result, the copy-move regions can be detected by matching between these patches. The matching process consists of two stages. In the first stage, we find the suspicious pairs of patches that may contain copy-move forgery regions, and we roughly estimate an affine transform matrix. In the second stage, an Expectation-Maximization-based algorithm is designed to refine the estimated matrix and to confirm the existence of copy-move forgery. Experimental results prove the good performance of the proposed scheme via comparing it with the state-of-the-art schemes on the public databases.
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Martin A. Fischler, Robert C. Bolles · Communications of the ACM · 1981 · 25.5K citations · Full text
Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF)
Herbert Bay, Andreas Ess, Tinne Tuytelaars et al. · Computer Vision and Image Understanding · 2008 · 13.4K citations