Tissue Engineering Part A · 2013 · 102 citations · 53 references
Tissue EngineeringEngineeringBiomaterials DesignBiofabricationBiomedical EngineeringStem Cell BiologyRegenerative MedicineBiologic ScaffoldsMatrix BiologyStem CellsAutologous TissueScaffoldsFunctional Tissue EngineeringEcm Scaffold MaterialsNeural Tissue EngineeringCell EngineeringCell BiologyMesenchymal Stem CellCellular BioengineeringTissue RegenerationDevelopmental BiologyCns Tissue EngineeringStem Cell EngineeringEcm HydrogelStem Cell ResearchStem-cell TherapyHard Tissue EngineeringCentral Nervous SystemHuman Stem CellsMedicineBiomaterialsNeural Stem CellEmbryonic Stem CellExtracellular Matrix
Biologic scaffolds made from mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM) promote tissue remodeling by recruiting stem cells, modulating innate immunity, and directing cell fate, and are typically produced by decellularizing tissues into sheets, powders, or hydrogels, with the hypothesis that ECM from a tissue’s own anatomy may exert unique effects on resident cells. The study examined how soluble ECM from CNS tissues (spinal cord or brain) compared to urinary bladder ECM influences neural stem cells and perivascular stem cells in vitro. Using in vitro assays, the authors exposed neural stem cells and perivascular stem cells to soluble CNS‑derived ECM and urinary bladder ECM at ~100 µg/mL to assess proliferation, chemotaxis, and differentiation. All ECM types stimulated proliferation and migration of stem cells without compromising viability, while CNS‑derived ECM promoted neuronal differentiation, evidenced by βIII‑tubulin expression and millimeter‑scale neurite outgrowth in 3‑D hydrogel cultures, indicating that solubilized ECM scaffolds could support CNS repair.
Biologic scaffolds composed of mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM) promote constructive remodeling of tissues via mechanisms that include the recruitment of endogenous stem/progenitor cells, modulation of the host innate immune response, and influence of cell fate differentiation. Such scaffold materials are typically prepared by decellularization of source tissues and are prepared as sheets, powder, or hydrogels. It is plausible that ECM derived from an anatomically distinct tissue would have unique or specific effects on cells that naturally reside in this same tissue. The present study investigated the in vitro effect of a soluble form of ECM derived from central nervous system (CNS) tissue, specifically the spinal cord or brain, versus ECM derived from a non-CNS tissue; specifically, the urinary bladder on the behavior of neural stem cells (NSCs) and perivascular stem cells. All forms of ECM induce positive, mitogenic, and chemotactic effects at concentrations of approximately 100 μg/mL without affecting stem cell viability. CNS-derived ECMs also showed the ability to differentiate NSCs into neurons as indicted by βIII-tubulin expression in two-dimensional culture and neurite extension on the millimeter scale after 24 days of three-dimensional cultures in an ECM hydrogel. These results suggest that solubilized forms of ECM scaffold materials may facilitate the postinjury healing response in CNS tissues.
53