Pharmaceutical Development and Technology · 2014 · 47 citations · 31 references
PharmacyPharmaceuticsPharmacologyDrug DeliveryPharmacodynamicsTargeted Drug DeliveryAnalgesiaBrain Targeted DeliveryNanocarriers For TherapeuticsNasal Drug DeliveryNasal FormulationsOpioid AnalgesicsBiodistribution Of Brain-targeted NanocarriersIntranasal AdministrationIntranasal ApproachIntranasal FormulationsMaximum EfficacyNanoparticle Nasal FormulationsNasal Delivery For AnalgesiaTherapeutic Efficacy Assessment
OBJECTIVE: The present investigation was aimed to develop and compare microemulsion and nanoemulsion for brain targeted intranasal delivery of tramadol to achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy in treatment of episodic and emergency pain. METHODS: Tramadol microemulsion (TME) and tramadol nanoemulsion (TNE) were developed and evaluated for physical properties. Ex vivo diffusion and nasal toxicity of TME and TNE were assessed by using sheep nasal mucosa. Biodistribution, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in mice were also performed. RESULTS: in mice brain for TME and TNE was significantly higher as compared with tramadol solution. TME and TNE displayed significantly higher antinociceptive effect for a period of 16 h as compared with tramadol solution. DISCUSSION: TME and TNE were delivered to brain, circumventing BBB in brisk manner, establishing immediately the minimum effective concentration required for therapeutic response. Significant enhancement in antinociceptive effect was observed after intranasal delivery of TME and TNE. CONCLUSION: Intranasal administration of TME and TNE would be effective in management of episodic and emergency pain treatment.
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Formation and stability of nano-emulsions
Tharwat F. Tadros, P. Izquierdo, Jordi Esquena et al. · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · 2003 · 2K citations
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Faiyaz Shakeel, Sanjula Baboota, Alka Ahuja et al. · AAPS PharmSciTech · 2007 · 360 citations · Full text