Real-Time Intravital Imaging Establishes Tumor-Associated Macrophages as the Extraskeletal Target of Bisphosphonate Action in Cancer

Abstract

Bisphosphonates are assumed to act solely in bone. However, mouse models and clinical trials show that they have surprising antitumor effects outside bone. We provide unequivocal evidence that bisphosphonates target TAMs, but not tumor cells, to exert their extraskeletal effects, offering a rationale for use in patients with early disease.