Epac2 Mediates Cardiac β1-Adrenergic–Dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca ²⁺ Leak and Arrhythmia

Abstract

BACKGROUND: β-Adrenergic receptor (β-AR) activation can provoke cardiac arrhythmias mediated by cAMP-dependent alterations of Ca(2+) signaling. However, cAMP can activate both protein kinase A and an exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac), but their functional interaction is unclear. In heart, selective Epac activation can induce potentially arrhythmogenic sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release that involves Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) effects on the ryanodine receptor (RyR). METHODS AND RESULTS: We tested whether physiological β-AR activation causes Epac-mediated SR Ca(2+) leak and arrhythmias and whether it requires Epac1 versus Epac2, β(1)-AR versus β(2)-AR, and CaMKIIδ-dependent phosphorylation of RyR2-S2814. We used knockout (KO) mice for Epac1, Epac2, or both. All KOs exhibited unaltered basal cardiac function, Ca(2+) handling, and hypertrophy in response to pressure overload. However, SR Ca(2+) leak induced by the specific Epac activator 8-CPT in wild-type mice was abolished in Epac2-KO and double-KO mice but was unaltered in Epac1-KO mice. β-AR-induced arrhythmias were also less inducible in Epac2-KO versus wild-type mice. β-AR activation with protein kinase A inhibition mimicked 8-CPT effects on SR Ca(2+) leak and was prevented by blockade of β(1)-AR but not β(2)-AR. CaMKII inhibition (KN93) and genetic ablation of either CaMKIIδ or CaMKII phosphorylation on RyR2-S2814 prevented 8-CPT-induced SR Ca(2+) leak. CONCLUSIONS: β(1)-AR activates Epac2 to induce SR Ca(2+) leak via CaMKIIδ-dependent phosphorylation of RyR2-S2814. This pathway contributes to β-AR-induced arrhythmias and reduced cardiac function.