Stochastic dynamics of individual quantum systems: Stationary rate equations

Abstract

An open quantum system is usually characterized by a reduced ensemble density matrix, the dynamics of which is governed by a generalized Master equation. Transforming this equation of motion into the instantaneous diagonal basis of the corresponding reduced density matrix, we can separate the coherent and incoherent part of the dynamics: The coherent dynamics is incorporated in the time development of the diagonal basis states, while the coupling to the reservoirs leads to simple rate equations. Interpreting these rate equations as a stochastic point process allows one to simulate the stochastic time evolution (random telegraph signals, ``quantum jumps'') of single-quantum systems. The diagonal representation can be considered as a generalization of the dressed-state picture of open quantum systems. Numerical simulations (``quantum Monte Carlo'') allow one to derive various dynamical properties (including correlation functions) of single-quantum systems. This concept is applied to different two- and three-level scenarios (\ensuremath{\lambda} and \ensuremath{\nu} configuration), and its limitations are discussed.