Time-of-flight spectrometer for absolute measurements of multiply charged ions and ionic molecular fragments in the gas phase

Abstract

A time-of-flight spectrometer using an extended target gas cell was built to perform absolute measurements of the yields of ionic species in the gas phase produced by charged particles. A detailed description of the spectrometer design and of an independent, absolute calibration procedure is given. The performance of the spectrometer was verified through absolute measurements of multiple ionization of noble gases by charged particles.