Simultaneous Heat and Water Model of a Freezing Snow-Residue-Soil System I. Theory and Development

Abstract

ABSTRACT Frozen soil is a major cause of runoff and erosion on many watersheds. Tillage and crop residue management greatly affect soil freezing but their effects have been nearly impossible to predict. A detailed, physically-based model is presented which integrates detailed representations for the interrelated heat, water and solute transfer through snow, crop residue and soil. Measured or estimated hourly weather data are used to predict soil freezing depths, evaporation and profiles of temperature, moisture, ice and solutes.