A Compact and Low-Power Fractionally Injection-Locked Quadrature Frequency Synthesizer Using a Self-Synchronized Gating Injection Technique for Software-Defined Radios

Abstract

This paper describes a compact and low-power frequency synthesizer with quadrature phase output for software-defined radios (SDRs). The proposed synthesizer is constructed using a core phase-locked loop (PLL), which is coupled with a fractional-N injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD). The fractional-N injection-locking operation is achieved by the proposed self-synchronized gating injection technique. The principle of a fractional-N injection locking operation and the concept of the proposed circuits are described in detail. Analysis for predicting the locking range of the proposed fractional-N ILFD is investigated. A digital calibration scheme is adopted in order to compensate for process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. Implemented in a 65 nm CMOS process, this work demonstrates continuous frequency coverage from 10 MHz to 6.6 GHz with quadrature phase output while occupying a small area of 0.38 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and consuming 16 to 26 mW, depending on the output frequency. The normalized phase noise achieves -135.3 dBc/Hz at an offset of 3 MHz and -95.1 dBc/Hz at an offset of 10 kHz, both from a carrier frequency of 1.7 GHz.