Elimination of Li2O out-diffusion waveguide in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3

Abstract

A novel technique was developed to eliminate the Li2O out-diffusion waveguide in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 incurred during the process of Ti in-diffusion. The out-diffusion waveguide can be suppressed by annealing the crystals in LiNbO3 powder at 900 °C in a flowing oxygen environment for 1 h or longer.