C iv absorption-line variability in X-ray-bright broad absorption-line quasi-stellar objects

Abstract

We report the kinematic shift and strength variability of the C iv broad absorption-line (BAL) trough in two high-ionization X-ray-bright quasi-stellar objects (QSOs): SDSS J085551+375752 (at zem ∼ 1.936) and SDSS J091127+055054 (at zem ∼ 2.793). Both these QSOs have shown a combination of profile shifts and the appearance and disappearance of absorption components belonging to a single BAL trough. The observed average kinematic shift of the whole BAL profile resulted in an average deceleration of ∼−0.7 ± 0.1, −2.0 ± 0.1 cm s−2 over rest-frame time-spans of 3.11 and 2.34 yr for SDSS J085551+375752 and SDSS J091127+055054, respectively. To our knowledge, these are the largest kinematic shifts known, exceeding by factors of about 2.8 and 7.8 the highest deceleration reported in the literature; this makes both objects potential candidates to investigate outflows using multiwavelength monitoring of their line and continuum variability. We explore various possible mechanisms to understand the observed profile variations. Outflow models involving many small self-shielded clouds, probably moving in a curved path, provide the simplest explanation for the C iv BAL strength and velocity variations, along with the X-ray-bright nature of these sources.