Helium induced nanoscopic morphology on tungsten under fusion relevant plasma conditions

TLDR

He diffusion in tungsten is too rapid to account for the observed surface modification, suggesting that thermal vacancies and slower diffusion through the forming nanostructured layer play a role. The study examined nanostructured layer growth over 300–22,000 s in a 4 × 10¹⁸ m⁻³, 6–8 eV He plasma, with an average ion impact energy of ~60 eV below the sputtering threshold. Polished W discs exposed to pure He plasma develop amorphous nanorod layers exceeding 5 µm thick, with growth kinetics following Fick’s law and diffusion coefficients of 6.6 ± 0.4 × 10⁻¹² cm² s⁻¹ at 1120 K and 2.0 ± 0.5 × 10⁻¹¹ cm² s⁻¹ at 1320 K.

Abstract

Polished W discs exposed to pure He plasma in the PISCES-B linear-divertor-plasma simulator at 1120 and 1320 K are found to develop deeply nanostructured surface layers consisting of a conglomerate of amorphous ‘nanorods’. The growth of the thickness of the nanostructured layer is explored for exposure times spanning 300–(2.2 × 10 4 ) s in He plasmas of density n e ∼ 4 × 10 18 m −3 and temperature T e ∼ 6–8 eV where the average He-ion surface-impact energy is ∼60 eV, below the threshold for physical sputtering. A nanostructured layer in excess of 5 µm thick is observed for the longest exposure time explored. The kinetics of the layer growth are found to follow Fick's law, characterized by an effective diffusive mechanism with coefficients of diffusion: D 1120 K = 6.6 ± 0.4 × 10 −12 cm 2 s −1 and D 1320 K = 2.0± 0.5 × 10 −11 cm 2 s −1 . The diffusion of He atoms in W is considered too rapid to explain the observed growth of surface modification and points to the interplay of other mechanisms, such as the availability of thermal vacancies and/or the slower diffusion of He through the forming nanostructured layer.