Serologic Evidence of Prenatal Influenza in the Etiology of Schizophrenia

TLDR

Prior studies suggest that prenatal influenza exposure may raise schizophrenia risk, but inconsistent findings likely stem from exposure misclassification. This study investigates whether serologically confirmed prenatal influenza exposure increases schizophrenia risk. A nested case‑control study of a 1959‑1966 birth cohort assayed archived maternal serum for influenza antibodies in pregnancies of 64 schizophrenia cases and 125 matched controls. Serologic data revealed a 7‑fold higher schizophrenia risk with first‑trimester influenza, a 3‑fold increase for early‑to‑midpregnancy exposure, no risk in later trimesters, and findings remained significant after adjusting for confounders, providing the first serologic evidence linking prenatal influenza to schizophrenia.

Abstract

Some, but not all, previous studies suggest that prenatal influenza exposure increases the risk of schizophrenia. These studies used dates of influenza epidemics and maternal recall of infection to define influenza exposure, suggesting that discrepant findings may have resulted from exposure misclassification.To examine whether serologically documented prenatal exposure to influenza increases the risk of schizophrenia.Nested case-control study of a large birth cohort, born from 1959 through 1966, and followed up for psychiatric disorders 30 to 38 years later.Population-based birth cohort. Cases were 64 birth cohort members diagnosed as having schizophrenia spectrum disorders (mostly schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder). Controls were 125 members of the birth cohort, had not been diagnosed as having a schizophrenia spectrum or major affective disorder, and were matched to cases on date of birth, sex, length of time in the cohort, and availability of maternal serum.Archived maternal serum was assayed for influenza antibody in pregnancies giving rise to offspring with schizophrenia and matched control offspring.The risk of schizophrenia was increased 7-fold for influenza exposure during the first trimester. There was no increased risk of schizophrenia with influenza during the second or third trimester. With the use of a broader gestational period of influenza exposure-early to midpregnancy-the risk of schizophrenia was increased 3-fold. The findings persisted after adjustment for potential confounders.These findings represent the first serologic evidence that prenatal influenza plays a role in schizophrenia. If confirmed, the results may have implications for the prevention of schizophrenia and for unraveling pathogenic mechanisms of the disorder.