Rapid determination of earthquake magnitude using GPS for tsunami warning systems

TLDR

The 2004 Sumatra earthquake (Mw 9.2–9.3) produced the deadliest tsunami, yet early seismic estimates were saturated and underestimated the danger, showing Mw 8.0–8.5 within the first hour. The study aims to determine the earthquake's true size and tsunami potential within 15 min of initiation using GPS data. This is achieved by tracking the mean displacement of the Earth's surface associated with the arrival of seismic waves. Within minutes, GPS detects >10 mm displacements as far as India, indicating Mw 9.0 ± 0.1 and confirming a high tsunami potential, demonstrating that existing GPS infrastructure could serve as an effective tsunami warning component.

Abstract

The 26 December 2004 Sumatra earthquake (M w 9.2–9.3) generated the most deadly tsunami in history. Yet within the first hour, the true danger of a major oceanwide tsunami was not indicated by seismic magnitude estimates, which were far too low (M w 8.0–8.5). This problem relates to the inherent saturation of early seismic‐wave methods. Here we show that the earthquake's true size and tsunami potential can be determined using Global Positioning System (GPS) data up to only 15 min after earthquake initiation, by tracking the mean displacement of the Earth's surface associated with the arrival of seismic waves. Within minutes, displacements of >10 mm are detectable as far away as India, consistent with results using weeks of data after the event. These displacements imply M w 9.0 ± 0.1, indicating a high tsunami potential. This suggests existing GPS infrastructure could be developed into an effective component of tsunami warning systems.