Refining procedures for the administration of substances

Abstract

3 Re®nement for individual routes and procedures 13 3.1 Intra-art icular 13 3.2 Intracerebral (intracerebroventricular) 14 3.3 Intradermal 16 3.4 Intramuscular 16 3.5 Intranasal 18 3.6 Intraperitoneal 19 3.7 Intratracheal 20 3.8 Intravaginal 20 3.9 Intravenous and intra-arterial 21 3.10 Oral routes 25 3.10.1 Inclusion in an animal’s food or water 25 3.10.2 Dosing directly into the pharynx 27 3.10.3 Oral gavage 28 3.11 Osmotic minipumps 30 3.12 Respiratory routes 31 3.12.1 Whole body exposure 31 3.12.2 Nose only=Snout only exposure 32 3.12.3 Mask exposure 33 3.13 Subcutaneous 34 3.14 TopicalÐdermal 35 3.15 TopicalÐocular 36 3.16 Footpad 37 3.17 Uncommon routes 38 4 Special considerations for wild animals 38 References 39 WORKING PARTY REPORT