Granulocyte Macrophage‐Colony Stimulating Factor Production by Autologous Endometrial Co‐Culture Is Associated with Outcome for In Vitro Fertilization Patients with a History of Multiple Implantation Failures

Abstract

The improved outcome associated with GM-CSF values greater than 130 pg/ml may reflect: 1) a direct positive effect of GM-CSF; 2) an embryotrophic factor upregulated by GM-CSF; or, 3) that GM-CSF functions as a marker for the importance of the glandular component in endometrial co-culture systems.