Subsurface measurement of soil heavy-metal concentrations with the SCAPS X-ray fluorescence (XRF) metals sensor

Abstract

A heavy-metals sensor for measurement of subsurface soil contamination was constructed and demonstrated in the field. The sensor operates via x-ray fluorescence (XRF) to detect metals heavier than calcium in the periodic table and provide semiquantitative information with little spectral interference and straightforward spectral interpretation. A description of the sensor is followed by details of the calibration methods and some typical field results. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 2: 97–102, 1998