Organosilicon Polymers?Synthesis, Architecture, Reactivity and Applications

Abstract

Tailoring of polysilanes with given architectures and reactivities is a great challenge in the field of SiC pre-ceramic polymers. This paper reviews recent polysilane and related copolymer synthesis reactions. It is shown that the Wurtz-type polymerization of dichloro-, trichloro- or tetrachloro-silanes, so far the most extensively studied, enables access to a large variety of architectures ranging from one- to three-dimensional (3D) topologies, and based on secondary >SiR2, tertiary RSi(Si)3 or quaternary Si(Si)4 silicon units in the polymer backbone. These polysilanes usually present an intrinsic low reactivity, detrimental for fiber processing. Examples are given to illustrate how this reactivity can be increased by secondary substitution reactions, which create reactive entities that can favor further crosslinking reactions. Secondly a novel route involving heterogeneously catalyzed disproportionation of chloromethyldisilanes, developed in our laboratory, is reviewed which offers a direct access to polysilyne-type 3D architecture constituted by arrangements of fused rings. The Lewis-base catalyzed disproportionation mechanism is discussed and seems to involve donor-stabilized silylenes as key intermediates in the polymer formation process. The experimental results are supported by ab-initio quantum chemical calculations. Silylenes attack the Si sites of higher functionality causing a high regioselectivity for the exclusive formation of branched oligosilanes. The oligomers undergo thermally induced branching and crosslinking reactions leading to poly(chloromethylsilane)s. Obviously, there are analogies to the oligomer and polymer formation of the transition-metal complex catalyzed dehydropolymerzation of methyldisilanes. Poly(chloromethylsilane)s exhibit a high reactivity due to the presence of Si–Cl bonds. Disproportionation of chloromethyldisilanes in presence of olefins such as styrene provides promising polymer precursors for SiC fibers. Their rheological properties have been investigated for various styrene contents. The polymer fibers spun from melt are cured under ammonia, and then pyrolyzed to silicon carbide fibers, showing temperature resistance up to 1500 °C. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.