Differential Effects of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 on Chondrogenesis in Posterofrontal Cranial Suture–Derived Mesenchymal Cells In Vitro

Abstract

TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3 exhibit marked differences in their effects on chondrogenesis in posterfrontal suture-derived mesenchymal cells, influencing different stages of chondrogenic differentiation. TGF-beta3 significantly increased cellular proliferation, whereas TGF-beta1 induced precartilage condensation, promoting chondrocyte differentiation.