Average behavior of battery-electric vehicles for distributed energy studies

Abstract

The increased focus on electric vehicles (EVs) as distributed energy resources calls for new concepts of aggregated models of batteries. Despite the developed battery models for EV applications, when looking at the scenarios of energy storage, both geographical-temporal aspects and EVs use conditions cannot be neglected for an estimation of the available fleet energy. In this paper we obtained an average behavior of battery-EVs, in relation to a number of variables such as current rates for charging and discharging, temperature, depth-of-discharge and number of cycles. An average approach was applied to calculate the influence of each variable on the battery energy and lifetime. The obtained results show that battery-EVs are nonlinear time-variant systems which however can be modeled with good approximation if time, geographical location and battery use conditions are known.