Nuclear diacylglycerol kinase‐ζ is a negative regulator of cell cycle progression in C2C12 mouse myoblasts

Abstract

The nucleus contains diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs), i.e., the enzymes that, by converting diacylglycerol (DG) into phosphatidic acid, terminate DG-dependent events. It has been demonstrated that nuclear DGK-zeta interferes with cell cycle progression. We previously reported that nuclear DGK-zeta expression increased during myogenic differentiation, whereas its down-regulation impaired differentiation. Here, we evaluated the possible involvement of nuclear DGK-zeta in cell cycle progression of C2C12 myoblasts. Overexpression of a wild-type DGK-zeta, which mainly localized to the nucleus (but not of a kinase dead mutant or of a mutant that did not enter the nucleus), blocked the cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, as demonstrated by in situ analysis of biotinylated-16-dUTP incorporated into newly synthesized DNA and by flow cytometry. In contrast, down-regulation of endogenous DGK-zeta by short interfering RNA (siRNA) increased the number of cells in both the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Cell cycle arrest of cells overexpressing wild-type DGK-zeta was accompanied by decreased levels of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylated on Ser-807/811. Down-regulation of endogenous DGK-zeta, using siRNA, prevented the cell cycle block characterizing C2C12 cell myogenic differentiation. Overall, our results identify nuclear DGK-zeta as a key determinant of cell cycle progression and differentiation of C2C12 cells.