Genes as drugs: the social shaping of gene therapy and the reconstruction of genetic disease

This paper examines the utility of using concepts from the sociology of technology to investigate how new technologies and new disease concepts are co‐constructed. For researchers to introduce gene therapy into experimental clinical practice, they had to engage in a process of heterogeneous social‐technical engineering. This included: the construction of local networks of regulators, genes, firms, clinicians and patients; the social shaping of gene therapy technology as a novel form of drug delivery; the creation of a new industry; and the re‐conceptualisation of many common acquired diseases as being genetic in some way. These changes marked a shift from an account of genetic disease based on the inheritance of deleterious genes, to one which explained acquired conditions in terms of a ‘molecular pathology’, resulting from errors in the way genes are regulated. This process of socio‐technical change has resulted in the construction of a new type of ‘genetic body’.