Significance of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-positive cells in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Molecular mechanism of IgG4 reaction in cancer tissue

Abstract

Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is often accompanied by significant infiltration of IgG4-positive cells. Cholangiocarcinoma cells could play the role of nonprofessional APCs and Foxp3-positive regulatory cells, inducing IgG4 reactions via the production of IL-10 indirectly and directly, respectively.