Amelioration of Acute Renal Failure by Stem Cell Therapy—Paracrine Secretion Versus Transdifferentiation into Resident Cells

Abstract

Although the kidney has been suspected, though not definitively proven, to contain organ-specific pluripotent stem cells, their role in regeneration after renal injury is uncertain ([1][1]–[3][2]). Recently, however, several investigators found evidence for a renoprotective role of non–organ-