Time, concentration and temperature relationships for phosphine activity in tests on diapausing larvae of <i>Ephestia elutella</i> (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Abstract

Abstract The activity of phosphine against diapausing larvae of Ephestia elutella was shown to depend on several different interactions of duration of exposure, temperature and gas concentration. Using the model proposed by Knight, (CC 0 ) × (tt 0 ) = k, a constant for mortality, the minimum effective concentration C 0 was raised and the minimum effective exposure t 0 extended as temperatures were increased. The effect of temperature on these thresholds was reduced at higher mortality levels. A range of concentration levels, influenced by temperature, elicited an increase in tolerance at the LD 99 level over that evident at higher or lower concentrations. These concentration ranges were 0.9–2‐1 mg litre‐ 1 at 25°C,0.7–2.3 mg litre‐ 1 at 20°C and 0.1–1.5 mg litre‐ 1 at 15°C. A mathematical model was fitted to relate concentration and time thresholds, mortality and temperature. At the LD 50 level, values for t 0 ranged from 2.5 h at 15°C to 5.0 h at 25°C. C 0 values increased from about 0.6 to 7.0 μg litre‐ 1 over this temperature range. At the LD 99 level, t 0 values ranged from 21 to 28 h and C 0 values from 11 to 19 μg litre‐ 1 . Phosphine appeared most effective at each temperature at concentrations from about 40 to 60–100 μg litre‐ 1 .