Refractive index of water and steam as function of wavelength, temperature and density

TLDR

The study builds on a comprehensive collection of refractive‑index data compiled by Thormählen et al. It introduces a new refractive‑index formulation for water and steam covering 0.2–2.5 µm, –10 to +500 °C, and 0–1045 kg m⁻³, and evaluates its accuracy. The authors fit a Lorentz‑Lorentz molar‑refraction model to selected accurate data, use the NBS/NRC equation of state to convert pressures to density, and generate refractive‑index tables for six wavelengths up to 500 °C and 100 MPa. The formulation shows deviations from the best available data, especially for liquid water below boiling, and the analysis reveals that data inconsistencies and EOS deficiencies limit further improvement while also enabling discrimination among EOS models and highlighting shortcomings in recent optical‑property formulations.

Abstract

Based on a comprehensive collection of data previously obtained by Thormählen et al. on the experimental refractive index of water and steam from the 1870s to the present, a new formulation is presented for the range of 0.2 to 2.5 μm in wave-length, −10 to +500 °C in temperature and 0 to 1045 kg m−3 in density. The Lorentz-Lorentz function or molar refraction, a strong function of wavelength but only weakly dependent on density and temperature, is fitted to a selected set of accurate refractive index data. The NBS/NRC equation of state for water and steam, the new international standard, is used to convert the experimental pressures to density. The deviations of all experimental data from the formulation are shown. A detailed assessment of the accuracy of the formulation is presented. Although the formulation does not represent to within their accuracy the data from the best sets in the visible range for liquid water below the boiling point, we show that inconsistencies between data sets, and minor deficiencies of the equation of state, prevent further improvement of a formulation based on data over as wide a range as considered here. It is shown that the best refractive index data can be used to discriminate between the various formulations of the equation of state of water and steam. It is demonstrated that several recent formulations of optical properties of liquid water over large ranges of wavelength need improvement in the range covered here. The new formulation is used to generate tables of the refractive index of water and steam at six wavelengths in the visible, near-infrared and near-ultraviolet, from 0 to 500 °C and up to 100 MPa in pressure.