Analysis of photorefractive optical damage in lithium niobate: application to planar waveguides

Abstract

Photorefractive optical damage of single beams in LiNbO(3) crystals is analyzed within a framework of two photoactive centres (Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) and Nb(Li) (4+)/Nb(Li) (5+)). It compares model simulations and significant experimental measurements in LiNbO(3) waveguides. A good agreement is found in the performed comparisons: photovoltaic currents, refractive index changes and, especially relevant, in degraded beam-profiles. The progress of the degraded wavefront has been simulated by implementing a finite-difference beam-propagating method which includes the model equations. These results, together with previous ones on grating recording, provide a comprehensive, satisfactory explanation of most important questions on photorefractive optical damage.