Long-Term Studies of Metopic Synostosis: Frequency of Cognitive Impairment and Behavioral Disturbances

Abstract

Although the occurrence of cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbances in patients with metopic synostosis has been described, the incidence of this dysfunction has not been established. The records of 36 consecutive children with metopic synostosis followed at one craniofacial center from 1978 to 1993 were reviewed and parental questionnaires were completed to establish the frequency of mental retardation, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems associated with this synostosis. Documentation of syndromes, abnormal karyotype, and central nervous system anomalies also was done. The study group consisted of 27 males and 9 females. The average age at most recent follow-up was 7 years and 1 month (range 6 months to 22 years). Two patients had chromosomal abnormalities (9p syndrome and trisomy 21). On the basis of CT and MRI scans, intracranial anomalies were identified for only one patient having an absent corpus callosum. Thirty-two of the study patients had adequate information for longitudinal assessment. Twenty patients have normal development without apparent disability. Of these, those of school age are at appropriate grade level. Eight patients have mild to moderate learning disabilities or behavioral problems, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and impaired language development. Four patients have significant mental impairment. Impaired cognitive development was not limited to children with abnormal karyotype or central nervous system anomaly. Cognitive and behavioral abnormalities occur in at least a third of patients with metopic synostosis. The, at times, subtle nature of these abnormalities mandates longitudinal developmental and neurologic evaluation for infants with metopic synostosis.