Perforating Techniques for Maximizing Well Productivity

Abstract

ABSTRACT A major objective of any well completion is to attain maximum production. The perforating equipment and techniques that are used have a very important bearing on determining the production that results. According to the nature of the reservoir, wells may be completed either naturally, with sand-control measures, or with formation stimulation by acidization and/or hydraulic fracturing. The well-bore-to-formation pressure relationship at the time of perforating may be overbalanced, balanced, or underbalanced. Perforating guns may be retrievable, semi-expendable, or expendable; designed for operation through tubing or in open casing; run on wireline or on tubing. This paper describes the various combinations of guns and techniques that are in common use, with the advantages and disadvantages of each. The four basic performance parameters, i.e., shot density, perforation diameter, penetration depth, and gun phasing, are ranked in order of relative importance for natural, sand-control, and stimulated completions. Where justified, the author makes recommendations and draws conclusions.