A Tutorial on Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Calibration

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has had rapid usage growth since its first application in the 1960s in the grain industry. Since then, material science, food, environment, medicine, pharmaceutics, agriculture, archeology, and others have reported successful applications of near infrared technologies. Evolution and improvement of instrumentation is expected to continue with increasing users and applications. This review provides a guide for NIR beginners. Theory of NIR measurements, instrumentation, and stages of calibration development are covered in a non-mathematical approach, focusing on critical operating processes to provide new users a starting point for application and study.