Gender and Ethnic Differences in Colorectal Cancer Screening Embarrassment and Physician Gender Preferences

Abstract

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To examine colorectal cancer (CRC) screening embarrassment among men and women from three ethnic groups and the associated physician gender preference by patient gender and ethnicity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, purposive sampling. SETTING: Urban community in Brooklyn, NY. SAMPLE: A purpose-derived, convenience sample of 245 European American, African American, and immigrant Jamaican men and women (aged 45-70 years) living in Brooklyn, NY. METHODS: Participants provided demographics and completed a comprehensive measure of CRC screening embarrassment. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Participant gender and ethnicity, physician gender, and CRC screening embarrassment regarding feces or the rectum and unwanted physical intimacy. FINDINGS: As predicted, men and women both reported reduced fecal and rectal embarrassment and intimacy concern regarding same-gender physicians. As expected, Jamaicans reported greater embarrassment regarding feces or the rectum compared to European Americans and African Americans; however, in contrast to expectations, women reported less embarrassment than men. Interactions indicated that rectal and fecal embarrassment was particularly high among Jamaican men. CONCLUSIONS: Men and women have a preference for same-gender physicians, and embarrassment regarding feces and the rectum shows the most consistent ethnic and gender variation. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Discussing embarrassment and its causes, as well as providing an opportunity to choose a same-gender physician, may be promising strategies to reduce or manage embarrassment and increase CRC screening attendance.