Refining the theory of basic individual values.

TLDR

Values form a circular motivational continuum, a central assumption largely ignored by prior research. The study proposes a refined theory of basic individual values to enhance heuristic and explanatory power beyond Schwartz's original ten-value model. The theory defines and orders 19 values on a circular continuum and is evaluated using a new instrument across 15 samples from 10 countries (N = 6,059). Confirmatory factor, multidimensional scaling, and predictive validity analyses confirm the 19‑value structure, largely support the predicted motivational order, and show each value uniquely predicts external variables, demonstrating the refined theory’s superior explanatory power.

Abstract

We propose a refined theory of basic individual values intended to provide greater heuristic and explanatory power than the original theory of 10 values (Schwartz, 1992). The refined theory more accurately expresses the central assumption of the original theory that research has largely ignored: Values form a circular motivational continuum. The theory defines and orders 19 values on the continuum based on their compatible and conflicting motivations, expression of self-protection versus growth, and personal versus social focus. We assess the theory with a new instrument in 15 samples from 10 countries (N = 6,059). Confirmatory factor and multidimensional scaling analyses support discrimination of the 19 values, confirming the refined theory. Multidimensional scaling analyses largely support the predicted motivational order of the values. Analyses of predictive validity demonstrate that the refined values theory provides greater and more precise insight into the value underpinnings of beliefs. Each value correlates uniquely with external variables.