Follistatin: Essential Role for the N-terminal Domain in Activin Binding and Neutralization

Abstract

Follistatin is recognized to be an important regulator of cellular differentiation and secretion through its potent ability to bind and bioneutralize activin with which it is colocalized in many tissue systems. The 288-residue follistatin molecule is comprised of a 63-residue N-terminal segment followed by three repeating 10-cysteine "follistatin domains" also represented in several extracellular matrix proteins. We have used chemical modifications and mutational analyses to define structural requirements for follistatin bioactivity that previously have not been investigated systematically. Mutant follistatins were stably expressed from Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures and assayed for activin binding in a solid-phase competition assay. Biological activities were determined by inhibition of activin-mediated transcriptional activity and by suppression of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion by cultured anterior pituitary cells. Deletion of the entire N-terminal domain, disruption of N-terminal disulfides, and deletion of the first two residues each reduced activin binding to <5 % of expressed wild-type follistatin and abolished the ability of the respective mutants to suppress activin-mediated responses in both bioassay systems. Hence, the three follistatin domains inherently lack the ability to bind or neutralize activin. Activin binding was impaired after oxidation of at least one tryptophan, at position 4, in FS-288. Mutation of Trp to Ala or Asp at either positions 4 or 36 eliminated activin binding and bioactivity. Mutation of a third hydrophobic residue, Phe-52, reduced binding to 20%, whereas substitutions for the individual Lys and Arg residues in the N-terminal region were tolerated. These results establish that hydrophobic residues within the N-terminal domain constitute essential activin-binding determinants in the follistatin molecule. The correlation among the effects of mutation on activin binding, activin transcriptional responses, and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion substantiates the concept that, at least in the pituitary, the biological activity of follistatin is attributable to its ability to bind and bioneutralize activin.