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A Model and Observations of Time-Dependent Upwelling over the Mid-Shelf and Slope
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1980
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Ocean DynamicsEngineeringSlope RegionOceanographyCoastal HydrodynamicsGeophysical FlowEarth ScienceGeophysicsNonlinear Ocean WavesNearshore ProcessAtmospheric ScienceApplied MeteorologyShelf HydrodynamicsOcean Internal WaveMeteorologyMarine HydrodynamicsTime-dependent Quasi-geostrophic UpwellingNorth CarolinaCoastal ProcessesWake HydrodynamicsPhysical OceanographyMorphodynamicsCivil EngineeringTime-dependent Upwelling
Quasi‑geostrophic upwelling over an outer continental shelf and slope is modeled assuming alongshore‑independent velocity, with the flow initially at rest and stably stratified under a uniform wind stress. The study extends the upwelling theory to account for time‑dependent wind stress and specified alongshore pressure gradients. The model follows the time‑evolution of onshore Ekman flux, with bottom Ekman supply increasing and interior onshore flow decreasing, computes the velocity induced by density deformation, and is validated against moored data from Onslow Bay during upwelling‑favorable summer winds. Shallow water spins up first, generating a coastal jet and an offshore‑propagating isopycnal bulge moving at 0.012(τ/p)^½/hx, and at the shelf break a larger bulge develops when hxx/hx^2>2 during upwelling‑favorable winds.
A simple model of time-dependent quasi-geostrophic upwelling over an outer continental shelf and slope region is considered with the velocity assumed independent of the alongshore coordinate The flow is at rest and stably stratified when a uniform alongshore wind stress τ is applied. Initially, the onshore flow in the water column balances the offshore top Ekman volume flux. As time progresses the bottom Ekman layer supplies increasingly more of the required onshore flux and the onshore flow in the interior of the water column decreases. The shallower water spins up first leading to both a coastal jet and an upward bulge in the isopycnal surfaces which propagates offshore with a speed equal to 0.012(τ/p)½/hx, where hx is the local slope. At the shelf break, if hxxh/hx2>2 another upward bulge of the isopycnal surfaces will develop at the onset of upwelling favorable winds and will be of greater amplitude than the propagating bulge. The theory is generalized to include the effects of a time-dependent wind stress and those of a specified time-dependent alongshore pressure gradient. The velocity induced by the deformation of the density field is then calculated. Comparisons of theory with moored meter data collected in Onslow Bay, North Carolina are made during upwelling favorable summertime wind conditions.