Procoagulant Platelets Form an α-Granule Protein-covered “Cap” on Their Surface That Promotes Their Attachment to Aggregates

Abstract

Strongly activated "coated" platelets are characterized by increased phosphatidylserine (PS) surface expression, α-granule protein retention, and lack of active integrin αIIbβ3. To study how they are incorporated into thrombi despite a lack of free activated integrin, we investigated the structure, function, and formation of the α-granule protein "coat." Confocal microscopy revealed that fibrin(ogen) and thrombospondin colocalized as "cap," a single patch on the PS-positive platelet surface. In aggregates, the cap was located at the point of attachment of the PS-positive platelets. Without fibrin(ogen) retention, their ability to be incorporated in aggregates was drastically reduced. The surface fibrin(ogen) was strongly decreased in the presence of a fibrin polymerization inhibitor GPRP and also in platelets from a patient with dysfibrinogenemia and a fibrinogen polymerization defect. In contrast, a fibrinogen-clotting protease ancistron increased the amount of fibrin(ogen) and thrombospondin on the surface of the PS-positive platelets stimulated with collagen-related peptide. Transglutaminases are also involved in fibrin(ogen) retention. However, platelets from patients with factor XIII deficiency had normal retention, and a pan-transglutaminase inhibitor T101 had only a modest inhibitory effect. Fibrin(ogen) retention was normal in Bernard-Soulier syndrome and kindlin-3 deficiency, but not in Glanzmann thrombasthenia lacking the platelet pool of fibrinogen and αIIbβ3. These data show that the fibrin(ogen)-covered cap, predominantly formed as a result of fibrin polymerization, is a critical mechanism that allows coated (or rather "capped") platelets to become incorporated into thrombi despite their lack of active integrins.