Ultramicroelectrodes: Design, Fabrication, and Characterization

Abstract

Ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) have led to unprecedented advances in electrochemical studies since their introduction to electroanalytical chemistry about twenty five years ago. During this time, several UME geometries have been reported of which disk, ring, ring-disk, hemispherical, spherical, and etched (finite cone) UMEs are the most commonly used. In this review, the design and fabrication procedures for each are described. Issues related to UME electrode surface treatment and characterization are also addressed.