Examples of Turbulence Models for Incompressible Flows

Abstract

The paper describes some currently available models for calculating turbulent stresses and heat or mass fluxes in incompressible flow which are more generally applicable than the Prandtl mixing-length hypothesis. These include models employing transport equations for the intensity and the length scale of the turbulent motion, notably the k-t model, as well as second-order closure schemes based on transport equations for the turbulent stresses and heat or mass fluxes themselves. The individual models are introduced briefly, their merits and demerits are discussed, and typical examples of calculations relevant to aerospace problems are presented.