Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis using clay mineral standards extracted from the samples to be analysed

Abstract

Abstract In the quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of a series of samples, the problems arising from the variable compositions and degrees of crystallinity of clay minerals were overcome to a great extent by the use of standards extracted from the samples. Procedures are given for separation of the montmorillonite standard by differential settling of Na-montmorillonite solvated in an ethanol solution and for isolation of the kaolinite, mica, and chlorite standards by density separation of their Na-forms in thallous formate. Calibration curves were prepared from the X-ray diffractograms obtained for series of known mixtures of Ca-forms of the standards and the internal standard boehmite using both powder and smear-oriented mounting techniques.