Frontiers in Immunology · 2012 · 795 citations · 190 references
Life SciencesImmunologyInfectious DiseasesAdaptive ImmunityInflammationInnate ImmunityImmune Responses To InfectionInnate Immune ReceptorsInnate Immune ResponsePathogen RecognitionPattern Recognition ReceptorsToll-like ReceptorsInnate Immune ProtectionPathogen-associated Molecular Pattern SignalingPathogen-associated Molecular PatternsToll-like Receptor LigandsToll-like Receptor SignalingToll-like Receptor Signaling PathwaysToll-like Receptor-mediated Innate Immune ResponseToll-like Receptors In Inflammation
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules for multiple pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 and TLR6, which is the initial step in a cascade of events leading to significant innate immune responses, development of adaptive immunity to pathogens and protection from immune sequelae related to infection with these pathogens. This review will discuss the current status of TLR2 mediated immune responses by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) on these organisms. We will emphasize both canonical and non-canonical responses to TLR2 ligands with emphasis on whether the inflammation induced by these responses contributes to the disease state or to protection from diseases.
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Functional Role of Type I and Type II Interferons in Antiviral Defense
Ulrike Müller, Ulrich Steinhoff, Luiz F. L. Reis et al. · Science · 1994 · 2.5K citations · Full text