Learned helplessness in the rat: improvements in validity and reliability

Failure to escape traumatic shock.

Martin E. P. Seligman, Steven F. Maier · Journal of Experimental Psychology · 1967 · 1.9K citations

Social Sciences, Psychology, Biological Psychology +8

Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding.

J. Bruce Overmier, Martin E. P. Seligman · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · 1967 · 1.2K citations

Public Health, Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience +9

Learned helplessness in the rat.

Martin E. P. Seligman, Gwyneth Hill Beagley · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · 1975 · 481 citations

Social Sciences, Behavioral Sciences, Psychology +13

Failure to learn to escape in rats previously exposed to inescapable shock depends on nature of escape response.

Steven F. Maier, Richard W. Albin, Thomas J. Testa · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · 1973 · 270 citations

Life Sciences, Teaching, Animal Behavior +4

Gender Differences in Learned Helplessness Behavior Are Influenced by Genetic Background

Barbara J. Caldarone, Tony P. George, Venetia Zachariou et al. · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · 2000 · 71 citations

Social Sciences, Genetics, Psychology +11