Reactivity of Fe(II)-Bearing Minerals toward Reductive Transformation of Organic Contaminants

Abstract

Fe(II) present at surfaces of iron-containing minerals can play a significant role in the overall attenuation of reducible contaminants in the subsurface. As the chemical environment, i.e., the type and arrangement of ligands, strongly affects the redox potential of Fe(II), the presence of various mineral sorbents is expected to modulate the reactivity of surficial Fe(II)-species in aqueous systems. In a comparative study we evaluated the reactivity of ferrous iron in aqueous suspensions of siderite (FeCO3), nontronite (ferruginous smectite SWa-1), hematite (alpha-Fe2O3), lepidocrocite (gamma-FeOOH), goethite (alpha-FeOOH), magnetite (Fe3O4), sulfate green rust (Fe(II)4Fe(III)2(OH)12SO4 x 4H2O), pyrite (FeS2), and mackinawite (FeS) under similar conditions (pH 7.2, 25 m2 mineral/L, 1 mM Fe(II)aq, O2 (aq) < 0.1 g/L). Surface-area-normalized pseudo first-order rate constants are reported for the reduction of hexachloroethane and 4-chloronitrobenzene representing two classes of environmentally relevant transformation reactions of pollutants, i.e., dehalogenation and nitroaryl reduction. The reactivities of the different Fe(II) mineral systems varied greatly and systematically both within and between the two data sets obtained with the two probe compounds. As a general trend, surface-area-normalized reaction rates increased in the order Fe(II) + siderite < Fe(II) + iron oxides < Fe(II) + iron sulfides. 4-Chloronitrobenzene was transformed by mineral-bound Fe(II) much more rapidly than hexachloroethane, except for suspensions of hematite, pyrite, and nontronite. The results demonstrate that abiotic reactions with surface-bound Fe(II) may affect or even dominate the long-term behavior of reducible pollutants in the subsurface, particularly in the presence of Fe(III) bearing minerals. As such reactions can be dominated by specific interactions of the oxidant with the surface, care must be taken in extrapolating reactivity data of surface-bound Fe(II) between different compound classes.