Human behaviour: the key source of uncertainty in fisheries management

TLDR

Fisheries worldwide face a mismatch of too many boats chasing too few fish, and while many management solutions exist, practical outcomes are limited, with debate between top‑down and bottom‑up governance and a prevailing focus on scientific uncertainty that neglects the critical, often unintended, uncertainty arising from human behaviour. The study aims to identify approaches that improve prediction of human behaviour in fisheries and to propose management measures more robust to the resulting uncertainty. The authors use empirical evidence of unexpected resource‑user behaviour and review existing responses to unexpected management outcomes to develop these approaches. The study finds that regardless of policy instruments, resource users often behave in unintended ways, and unless micro‑scale drivers of human behaviour are effectively communicated and considered, unanticipated responses will continue to undermine management systems and threaten fisheries sustainability.

Abstract

Abstract There is broad consensus that the main problem facing fisheries globally is too many boats chasing too few fish. Unfortunately it is also possible to argue that there are too many proposed solutions and not enough practical answers to improving fisheries management. There is a deepening divide between those who propose alternative regulatory controls on fishers, including establishing large areas permanently closed to fishing, and those who argue for better alignment of incentives combined with broad participation of resource users in fishery management decisions (in simple terms, between top down and bottom up systems of governance). However despite the choice of policy instruments used, a consistent outcome is that resource users behave in a manner that is often unintended by the designers of the management system. Hence whilst uncertainty is broadly recognized as a pervasive feature of fisheries management, to date most of the attention has focussed on only part of that uncertainty – scientific uncertainty about the status of exploited resources. The effect of uncertainty generated on the human side of fisheries science and management has received much less attention. However, the uncertainty generated by unexpected resource user behaviour is critical as it has unplanned consequences and leads to unintended management outcomes. Using empirical evidence of unexpected resource user behaviour and reviewing current responses to unexpected management outcomes, we identify different approaches that both improve prediction of human behaviour in fisheries systems and identify management measures that are more robust to these sources of uncertainty. However, unless the micro scale drivers of human behaviour that contribute to macro scale implementation uncertainty are communicated effectively to managers and considered more regularly and in greater depth, unanticipated responses to management actions will continue to undermine management systems and threaten the sustainability of fisheries.