Drivers of β-diversity along latitudinal gradients revisited

Abstract

Aim Ecologists have generally agreed that β-diversity is driven at least in part by ecological processes and mechanisms of community assembly and is a key determinant of global patterns of species richness. This idea has been challenged by a recent study based on an individual-based null model approach, which aims to account for the species pool. The goal of the present study is twofold: (1) to analyse data sets from different parts of the world to determine whether there are significant latitude–β-diversity gradients after accounting for the species pool, and (2) to evaluate the validity of the null model. Location Global. Methods A total of 257 forest plots, each being 0.1 ha in size and having 10 0.01-ha subplots, were used. We conducted four sets of analyses. A modified version of Whittaker's β-diversity index was used to quantify β-diversity for each forest plot. A randomization procedure was used to determine expected β-diversity. Results The number of individuals per species, which characterizes species abundance distribution, alone explains 56.8–84.2% of the variation in observed β-diversity. Species pool (γ-diversity) explained only an additional 2.6–15.2% of the variation in observed β-diversity. Latitude explains 18.6% of the variation in raw β deviation in Gentry's global data set, and explains 11.0–11.6% of the variation in standardized β deviation in the global and three regional analyses. Latitude explains 33.2–46.2% of the variation in the number of individuals per species. Main conclusions Species abundance distribution, rather than species pool size, plays a key role in driving latitude–β-diversity gradients for β-diversity in local forest communities. The individual-based null model is not a valid null model for investigating β-diversity gradients driven by mechanisms of local community assembly because the null model incorporates species abundance distributions, which are driven by mechanisms of local community assembly and in turn generate β-diversity gradients.