LawConflict StudiesPsychologyCryopreservation Of EmbryosPaternity LawSurrogacy LawEmbryo LawParent InvolvementParental RightsParentingBiological Paternity ClaimsEmbryo LitigationFrozen Embryo Custody DisputesFrozen Embryo StatusFrozen-thawed Embryo TransferParental Status Of DonorsProximity
Introduction 1022 I. The Cases 1030 A. In re the Marriage of Litowitz v. Litowitz 1030 B. Davis v. Davis 1033 C. Kass v. Kass 1035 D. A.Z. v. B.Z. and J.B. v. M.B. 1038 II. Uncoupling Biological and Psychological Parenthood: What the Data Reveals 1040 A. Data on Disappearing Dads 1040 1. Factors contributing to parental disengagement.......1041 a. Cohabitation and proximity 1041 b. The relationship with the other parent 1044 c. New relationships and commitments 1046 d. Other factors influencing father involvement .....1047 e. Limitations of the data to frozen embryo disputes 1048 B. More Uncoupling—Data from Sperm Donors 1049 1. Sperm donor attitudes toward offspring 1049 2. Limits on data applicability to frozen embryo disputes 1052