Chlorpyrifos Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review.

Abstract

Abstract : Chlorpyrifos (C9H11C13N03PS), an organophosphorus compound with an anticholinesterase mode of action, is used extensively in a variety of formulations to control a broad spectrum of agricultural and other pestiferous insects. At recommended application rates many species of nontarget organisms--including fish, birds, and invertebrates--have experienced deleterious effects. Sensitive species of aquatic biota died at nominal water concentrations between 0.035 and 1.1 ug chlorpyrifos/l. Acute oral toxicity to sensitive species of birds ranged between 5 and 13 mg chlorpyrifos/kg body weight; for mammals, this was 151 mg/kg body weight. Proposed criteria and research needs to protect fishery and wildlife resources are presented.