Lung and female breast cancers are highly prevalent worldwide. Although the association between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5 ) and lung cancer has been recognized, there is less evidence for associations with other common air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO₂ ) and ozone (O₃ ). Even less is known about potential associations between these pollutants and breast cancer. We conducted a population-based cohort study to investigate the associations of chronic exposure to PM_2.5 , NO₂ , O₃ and redox-weighted average of NO₂ and O₃ (O_x ) with incident lung and breast cancer, using the Ontario Population Health and Environment Cohort (ONPHEC), which includes all long-term residents aged 35-85 years who lived in Ontario, Canada, 2001-2015. Incident lung and breast cancers were ascertained using the Ontario Cancer Registry. Annual estimates of exposures were assigned to the residential postal codes of subjects for each year during follow-up. We used Cox proportional-hazards models adjusting for personal- and neighborhood-level covariates. Our cohorts for lung and breast cancer analyses included ~4.9 million individuals and ~2.5 million women, respectively. During follow-up, 100,146 incident cases of lung cancer and 91,146 incident cases of breast cancer were diagnosed. The fully adjusted analyses showed positive associations of lung cancer incidence with PM_2.5 (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.02 [95% CI: 1.01-1.05] per 5.3 μg/m³ ) and NO₂ (HR = 1.05 [95% CI: 1.03-1.07] per 14 ppb). No associations with lung cancer were observed for O₃ or O_x . Relationships between PM_2.5 and NO₂ with lung cancer exhibited a sublinear shape. We did not find compelling evidence linking air pollution to breast cancer.

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